It is no longer safe to move our governments and societies to US clouds

https://berthub.eu/articles/Trump_Day_1_Executive_Order_Signing.jpg
Europeans are transferring data to American clouds for convenience, but this is scary and risky due to US spying and potential data loss. It's time to stop and use alternative software and services, even if it takes effort, to avoid dependence on the US.

Half-Life

Around twenty years ago, people would have laughed if you told them that videogames would end up at the Smithsonian, but the Half-Life team really did want to make games that were more than just throwaway toys. The rule against cinematics — which made our jobs much harder and also ended up leaving a lot of my favorite work out of the game — was a kind of ideological stake in the ground: we ...

AI-designed chips are so weird that 'humans cannot understand them'

https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/hjqQcDsd789h4gW9UrqmV5-1200-80.jpg
Researchers used AI to design complex wireless chips in hours, outperforming human designs and taking a unique approach. The AI method, which specifies desired output and determines inputs, could enhance productivity and lead to new chip designs with improved energy efficiency and performance.

But good sir, what is electricity?

The author is creating an accessible curriculum for hobby electronics, focusing on the basics of electricity and material conductivity. Electricity is described as the movement of electrons through a conductor, with materials like metals allowing electrons to flow freely due to their dense lattice structure.

Vietnamese Graphic Design

https://vietgd.com/images/posters/bao-ve-rung.jpg
VIET GD is a casual index, archive, and celebration of Vietnamese graphic design. Currently, there are 274 objects in this collection. VIET GD is a casual index, archive, and celebration of Vietnamese graphic design.

Part two of Grant Sanderson's video with Terry Tao on the cosmic distance ladder

https://media.mathstodon.xyz/cache/preview_cards/images/022/947/724/original/fa42e1620b0d0687.jpg
The second part of Grant Sanderson's video interview with myself on the cosmic distance ladder is now out: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFMaT9oRbs4 I wrote a blog post with additional commentary and corrections on both videos at https://terrytao.wordpress.com/2025/02/13/cosmic-distance-ladder-video-with-grant-sanderson-3blue1brown-commentary-and-corrections/

Making any integer with four 2s

Math puzzle involves using 4 instances of digit 2 to generate target numbers with various mathematical operations. Paul Dirac found a general solution but it uses 3 instances of 2, which can be amended by replacing a single digit.

Penn to reduce graduate admissions, rescind acceptances amid research cuts

https://snworksceo.imgix.net/dpn/a9857926-a95e-4060-b290-a146d70c0845.sized-1000x1000.jpg?w=1000
Penn University cut graduate program admissions due to federal research funding cuts, affecting departments within the School of Arts and Sciences. Faculty members expressed frustration over lack of transparency and fear of impacting Penn's research and educational mission.

Show HN: Jq-Like Tool for Markdown

https://opengraph.githubassets.com/0dc169fa2af9b69e7efe61a8a2ade8c716d92cc2da33db0e78fc79878ed10c1d/yshavit/mdq
mdq is a tool that extracts specific parts from Markdown documents like GitHub PRs. It uses a simple syntax to filter and chain filters together, making it easier to find specific information.

Why are QR Codes with capital letters smaller than QR codes with lower case?

https://icons.duckduckgo.com/ip9/news.ycombinator.com.ico
Two QR codes with the same URL were scanned, one smaller with all capital letters and one larger with mixed case. The smaller code used Alphanumeric mode, while the larger code used Byte mode due to its limited character set.

WhiteSur: macOS-like theme for GTK desktops

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vinceliuice/WhiteSur-gtk-theme/pictures/pictures/macbook.png
You can customize WhiteSur themes with various options including opacity, color, theme accent, and more. You can also edit and remove installed themes.

Bald eagles are thriving again after near extinction

https://d.newsweek.com/en/full/2579484/bald-eagle.jpg?w=1200&f=ff3f86fed5474ba2e06a1c01a533dbe7
Bald eagles have made a significant comeback in the US, with their population and cultural significance increasing due to conservation efforts. Despite remaining threats, the species is thriving in diverse environments, but ongoing monitoring and conservation are necessary to ensure their continued success.

Thailand to Cut Power to Myanmar Scam Hubs

https://offload-bangkoklocal.sgp1.digitaloceanspaces.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Thailand-to-cut-power-oil-and-.jpg
Thailand will cut electricity, oil supplies, and internet services to five Myanmar locations suspected of operating Chinese call center scams. The move aims to disrupt operations and mitigate financial damage, estimated at over 86 billion baht.

European word translator: an interactive map

https://ukdataexplorer.com/european-translator/europe_v4.png
Translations are generated by Google Translate. Some may be inaccurate or use non-European (e.g. Brazilian Portuguese) words. Just one translation is provided for each word; watch out for words with multiple meanings! * If Google Translate cannot find a translation, it simply shows the English word. This may be the case for the starred words on the map.

War rooms vs. deep investigations

The author describes a chaotic "war room" experience during a major Facebook outage in 2014, where engineers struggled to find the root cause of the issue, and the author eventually discovered that a faulty process called "fbagent" was responsible. The author believes that war rooms are not effective for in-depth analysis work and that a more focused, individualized approach is needed to ...

Ask HN: What are you working on? (February 2025)

User discusses various projects including a color palette tool, embroidery machine automation, and a C-based graphics engine for 90's style games. They also mention a merge conflict resolution tool, a Django deployment tool, and a long-term AI platform called hal9.ai.

Making any integer with four 2s

Math puzzle involves using 4 instances of digit 2 to generate target numbers with various mathematical operations. Paul Dirac found a general solution but it uses 3 instances of 2, which can be amended by replacing a single digit.

In memoriam

Several small online communities exist, including furry.energy and The Green Living Forum, focused on specific topics. Microcosm is a forum-hosting service with a large user base, mostly from the UK.

BYD has already produced its first solid-state cells

https://www.electrive.com/media/2024/08/byd-2024-001.jpeg
BYD and CATL are developing solid-state batteries with sulphide electrolytes, aiming for mass production around 2027. QuantumScape is ahead in development with its lithium-metal anode design, planning gigawatt-hour scale production by 2025.

Ultima VII: Revisited

https://www.u7revisited.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/u7dark-1.png
Ultima VII: Revisited is a replacement engine for the classic RPG that presents the game in 3D and fixes various issues. It aims to showcase the game's world in a more modern presentation, smoothing out its rough corners.

Decades of Research Misconduct Stalled an Alzheimer's Cure

https://www.sciencefriday.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/doctored-book-cover.png
Cookies are categorized into necessary, functional, performance, analytical, and advertisement cookies, each serving a specific purpose for website functionality and user experience. They help track visitor behavior, monitor website performance, and deliver customized ads, while ensuring anonymity and data protection.

Tokio and Prctl = Nasty Bug

A bug in HyperQueue, a distributed task scheduler written in Rust, caused tasks to be terminated after a few seconds without reason, but was fixed by reverting a commit that moved process spawning to a different thread. The issue was caused by a combination of PR_SET_PDEATHSIG and tokio reaping worker threads, which sent a SIGTERM signal to the spawned process when the worker thread died.

Bitwarden Authenticator

https://res.cloudinary.com/bw-com/image/upload/f_auto/v1/ctf/7rncvj1f8mw7/5SWvAP6G3T9lwHfWgzYspH/728f8906a6ff5b354e6121e8871c3449/authenticator-generate-codes.webp?_a=DAJCwlWIZAA0
Bitwarden Authenticator is a standalone app that generates TOTP codes for extra security. It's free, open source, and available for Android and iOS, with features like import and syncing coming soon.

Grok 3 claims its system prompt includes censorship about Musk/Trump

User needs to register or sign in with developer credentials and ensure a unique User-Agent string to access the application. If blocked, try changing back to default User-Agent or file a ticket for assistance.

Adding Mastodon Comments to Your Blog

The user replaced Disqus with Mastodon comments on their blog, using JavaScript to fetch and display comments from Mastodon's API, and implemented a blacklist to filter out unwanted comments. They also added functionality to display comment IDs when ALT-clicked and to rebuild the site with the updated blacklist.

Partnering with the Shawnee Tribe for Civilization VII

https://assets.2k.com/1a6ngf98576c/5yzJcbNIRJzz1slQ5NLCBu/0a735d5d6912cb0565560d7373dab23b/message-400x240.jpg
Firaxis Games collaborated with the Shawnee Tribe to accurately portray their history and culture in Civilization VII. The partnership led to the creation of a recording studio to preserve the Shawnee language and culture.

'Everybody is looking at their phones,' says man freed after 30 years in prison

https://news.sky.com/resources/apple-touch-icon.png
Gordon Cordeiro, released from prison after 30 years, is adjusting to life outside and marveling at people's phone usage. He thanked new DNA evidence for his release and visited his mother's grave after being freed.

Pee If You Want to Go Deeper (2021)

https://i0.wp.com/peeifyouwanttogofaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/signal-2021-05-24-152400-2.jpg?resize=1400%2C1050&ssl=1
The author discusses using a pee valve for scuba diving in a dry suit, particularly for women. They share their experience with the She-P system, an external catheter that allows for comfortable and discreet diving.

Didn't realize it was this bad

User needs to register or sign in with developer credentials and ensure a unique User-Agent string to access the application. Alternatively, they can try resetting to default User-Agent or file a ticket for assistance.

Defragging my old Dell's UEFI NVRAM

User was setting up an old Dell box with new boot drives and encountered an error due to a full efivars partition. They used an EFI shell to clear dead space in the nvram, which resolved the issue.

Meta slashes staff stock awards as group embarks on AI spending drive

https://www.ft.com/__origami/service/image/v2/images/raw/https%3A%2F%2Fd1e00ek4ebabms.cloudfront.net%2Fproduction%2F88270be4-f029-489d-8e86-818605710ad2.jpg?source=next-barrier-page
The FT offers a digital subscription for $319 for the first year, then $75 per month. Pay upfront to save 20% and get 10% off the first year.

No One Lives Forever (NOLF) Revival Edition

http://nolfrevival.tk/images/cjack.jpg
Download free versions of No One Lives Forever, No One Lives Forever 2, and Contract Jack with latest patches for PC. Play single-player and multiplayer games with ease on modern operating systems.

U. of Pittsburgh pauses Ph.D. admissions amid research funding uncertainty

https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/c92a8e7/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6203x4135+0+0/resize/880x587!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fd3%2F1f%2Fa5298a22468f97748167f803d252%2Fap19190046701697.jpg
The University of Pittsburgh has paused Ph.D. admissions due to uncertainty about reduced federal aid from the National Institutes of Health. The move comes as research universities battle against the NIH's policy to reduce funding caps for indirect research costs.

Sublinear Time Algorithms

Researchers are exploring sublinear time algorithms that can solve problems with minimal input reading, often using randomization and approximation. Techniques like the Szemeredi Regularity lemma and low rank approximations are being used to design more efficient sublinear algorithms.

Lobsters blocking UK users because of the Online Safety Act

Lobsters, a non-commercial forum, may geoblock the UK due to the Online Safety Act's complexity and potential penalties. UK users can help by advocating for guidance or a waiver from regulator Ofcom or seeking legal advice that the law does not apply to Lobsters.

Digital Services Playbook

https://playbook.usds.gov/assets/images/usds-logo-seal.png
The US government needs a new approach to building digital services that meet the needs of citizens, which involves a playbook of 13 key "plays" drawn from successful practices from the private sector and government. The approach includes user-centered design, continuous testing, and open collaboration to ensure that digital services are effective, efficient, and secure.

Ask HN: Who Are Your Favorite Photography and Generative Coding Artists?

You're looking for visual artists in photography and generative coding for inspiration. Recommended artists include Casey Reas, Jared Tarbell, and Anders Hoff, known for their work in generative art and coding languages like Processing and Lisp.

Studies correlating IQ to genius are mostly bad science

One cannot help but run into people who clearly fantasize about the following scenario: All the great geniuses of the past sit down and take some sort of culture-invariant IQ test, and then we get to line up the numbers and compare them, finally settling once and for all who was the greatest genius of humanity. In this fantasy they imagine Voltaire in his study, finishing his fortieth cup of ...

Lambda Calculus and Lisp, part 1

The first of a series of envisioned blog posts on lambda calculus, and Lisp. It’s unclear exactly where to start: there is a whole heap of interesting issues, both theoretical and in terms of concrete implementations, which tangle and interconnect. A particular application of lambda calculus is a very salient part of my “day job” as a formal semanticist of natural language. And my interests ...

Clang Static Analyzer and the Z3 constraint solver (2022)

Frederic Cambus discusses static analyzers and false positives, highlighting Coverity's success in filtering them. He explores using Z3 with the Clang Static Analyzer for faster false positive filtering.

Trump will kill CHIPS Act by gutting NIST employees

https://semiwiki.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Donald-Trump-CHIPs-Act-Cancelled.jpg
Multiple threads are listed in a forum with various details such as title, user, and post date. The threads are related to technology and semiconductor topics.

How Many School Shootings? All Incidents from 1966-Present

https://img1.wsimg.com/isteam/ip/f021e984-7ec8-4011-80df-5c7624ed04c0/k12dive.png
The K-12 School Shooting Database records all school shootings, including gang incidents and suicides, with 2025 data available. To access raw data, email [email protected] with required information and a citation statement.

Turning Off All 8k EV Chargers at All Federal Government Buildings

https://www.thedrive.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/its_electric_drive_electric_week.png?quality=85&w=1920
The Trump administration ordered shutdown of federal EV chargers and offloading of newly purchased EVs, citing non-mission critical status. This move affects 8,000 charging ports and 650,000 government vehicles, potentially stranding thousands of EVs.

See the submissions you have flagged (maybe accidentally)

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Electronics Teardown: Stelo Continuous Glucose Monitor (2024)

https://andykong.org/static/cgmteardown1/0.jpg
The user reviewed the Stelo CGM by Dexcom, a $50 over-the-counter continuous glucose monitor that tracks blood sugar levels every 5 minutes. The device lasts 15.5 days and can be powered by a coin cell battery, potentially allowing for energy harvesting.

EU regulations to look out for in 2025

https://images.sifted.eu/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/10124854/Ana-Barjasic-landscape-pic-e1736513400210.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=3840&q=75
EU regulations such as the AI Act and Data Act will impact startups in 2025, requiring compliance with new rules on AI and data. The EU is also considering a unified regulatory framework, the 28th Regime, to simplify business operations across the continent.

Should We Decouple Technology from Everyday Life?

https://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/AdobeStock_296398583-1024x577.jpg
The author is addicted to digital technology and believes it's affecting people's mental and physical well-being. They advocate for a movement to curb the spread of digital technology in daily life.

Despite sticker prices, the real cost of getting a degree has been going down

https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/Y9zTbKOR5uOq4QMlOfsYigfbqLE=/0x0:2000x1125/960x540/media/img/mt/2025/02/College/original.jpg
College costs in the US have actually decreased by 21% for public universities and 12% for private universities since 2014, before adjusting for inflation. The high sticker prices are misleading, as most students receive financial aid, making the net price lower.

Ways to annoy your senior engineer

https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_520,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa7cd7d54-625a-446f-8831-bc65774fa9ea_5209x5210.jpeg
Engineers are often frustrated by colleagues who don't provide context, interrupt their focus, or create unnecessary work. To avoid annoying engineers, provide clear details, respect their time, and prioritize meaningful work over quick fixes and constant priority shifts.

Directus – real-time REST and GraphQL API of any SQL database

https://repository-images.githubusercontent.com/7122594/7e5b1d59-0bc8-47c3-8a94-c63db5a9c9de
Directus is a Node.js API that layers on top of SQL databases, offering a no-code Vue.js dashboard for non-technical users. It's licensed under the Business Source License with a free use option for organizations under $5M in revenue or funding.

'Amateur and dangerous': Historians weigh in on viral AI history videos

https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/2ae3/live/2a56a6e0-f070-11ef-9b94-9bfa8e4c254d.png.webp
Two creators, Dan and Hogne, have made AI-generated videos showing people waking up in different historical time periods, sparking both fascination and concerns about accuracy. Historians worry that these videos may spread misinformation and rewrite history, but the creators aim to spark curiosity and encourage viewers to research history themselves.

Technofossils: Humanity's eternal testament will be plastic bags, cheap clothes

https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/a926d7b9c5a06704191fe5dd54d825e73141864f/0_0_2848_3392/master/2848.jpg?width=445&dpr=1&s=none&crop=none
Two scientists predict that fast food, fast fashion, and concrete will be the most enduring human legacies as fossils. These items will leave a lasting geological signature due to their durability and massive production.

OpenJKDF2 – A cross-platform reimplementation of JKDF2 in C

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/shinyquagsire23/OpenJKDF2/master/docs/images/screenshot.png
OpenJKDF2 is a C reimplementation of DF2, supporting 64-bit Windows, macOS, and Linux, with a WebAssembly demo available. It requires a valid copy of JKDF2 and does not include original game assets.

Chipzilla Devours the Desktop

This is the fourth entry in a multipart series. You may be interested to read about Shockley Semiconductor, Fairchild Semiconductor, and the start of Intel. At the end of 1974, Intel had announced plans for a reorganization following layoffs, and that was carried out between the time of the announcement and the first months of 1975. The company was starting the year with no debts, clear ...
The user is leaving their current job due to poor engineering practices and management's unrealistic expectations about AI replacing developers, but they've continued to grow professionally through self-learning and side projects. They're now seeking a full-time FOSS opportunity that matches their current compensation in India, and are open to advice and connections to help make a sustainable ...

Countries spend huge sums on fossil fuel subsidies – why they're so hard to end

https://images.theconversation.com/files/627371/original/file-20241022-21-85im8t.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C24%2C5160%2C3555&q=20&auto=format&w=320&fit=clip&dpr=2&usm=12&cs=strip
Fossil fuel subsidies remain widespread despite promises to reduce them, making fuels relatively inexpensive and contributing to growing greenhouse gas emissions. Governments employ subsidies for political and practical reasons, but eliminating them is difficult due to their impact on consumer prices and economic sectors.

NASA Downgrades the Risk of 2024 YR4 to Below 1%

https://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Ryugu-1024x757.jpg
Asteroid 2024 YR4's Earth impact probability decreased to 0.28% after recent analysis, but a 1% chance of lunar impact is now predicted. Continued observations with the James Webb Space Telescope will refine trajectory predictions.

Show HN: We made a Meta Quest3 see through walls

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:806/0*bI1Um7xS_592g3p3.jpg
The user and their teammates built a VR headset that can see people through walls using low-cost ESP32 microcontrollers and an NVIDIA Jetson, demonstrating significant potential for search and rescue technology. They received unexpected interest from a frontier AI lab, who offered to fly them out to their offices and mail them merchandise after the project's successful proof of concept.
User wants to discover 5 random IndieWeb blogs at once from terminal. They share a shell one-liner to fetch 5 random blogs from indieblog.page and print them in the terminal.

Bybit sees over $4B 'bank run' after crypto's biggest hack

https://www.coindesk.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.sanity.io%2Fimages%2Fs3y3vcno%2Fproduction%2F0c8a0c389c4df381e479498f22f5b4aaf46b6e1e-5184x2916.jpg%3Fauto%3Dformat&w=3840&q=75
Bybit suffered a $1.5 billion hack and a $4 billion bank run, leading to a total $5.5 billion outflow. The exchange secured a loan, developed new software, and temporarily shut down Safe wallet functionalities to ensure security.

Living in your programming environment [pdf]

Knowledge workers can benefit from adaptable software tools as they often have individual work flows adapted to their circumstances. To react directly to new use cases, users should be able to adapt the tools while using them and get immediate feedback on their adaptation. Exploratory pro- gramming environments already support such an explora- tory style for developing software, however they ...

Fish-delousing underwater laser (2018) [video]

Python's official documentation contains textbook example of insecure code (XSS)

https://seclists.org/images/fulldisclosure-img.png
Python's official documentation contains insecure code example for XSS vulnerability. The code is outdated and deprecated since Python 3.11.

A compendium of "open-source" licenses

https://opengraph.githubassets.com/d8e8a900518b99efb4642f0da8374d6050583b79f2b621c8ec50ec31c745f5dc/ErikMcClure/bad-licenses
A collection of absurd and humorous software licenses with ridiculous restrictions and requirements, including not allowing users to run the program, requiring documentation of public API, and demanding religious purity. These licenses often contradict themselves, have unclear definitions, and are intended to be humorous or satirical rather than serious legal agreements.

Immune markers of post COVID vaccination syndrome indicate future research

https://news.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/tease_image/public/2025-02/GettyImages-2173937466-YN.jpg?h=ad829c5f&itok=hWfO8Flx
Yale researchers have identified potential immunological patterns in post-vaccination syndrome (PVS), a condition causing chronic symptoms after COVID-19 vaccination. Further studies are needed to understand PVS and its drivers, which could lead to better vaccines and treatment methods.

Men overestimate women's preference for masculinity

https://cms.bps.org.uk/sites/default/files/2025-02/Body%20builder.jpg
Straight men and women overestimate how much the opposite gender prefers exaggerated femininity or masculinity in facial features. This misjudgement contributes to body dissatisfaction and may lead to insecurity and unhappiness.

Show HN: I created a language called AntiLang – breaking all the conventions

https://siruscodes.github.io/AntiLang/assets/logo.png
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Online discussions on forests preserved in the Finnish Web Archive

https://www.kansalliskirjasto.fi/sites/default/files/styles/max_870xauto/public/2025-02/6146FFC70D851873CDD9DD7CE095232C.jpg?itok=Blvx8Gz0
The National Library of Finland has preserved online discussions on Finnish forest exploitation spanning several years. The material includes perspectives on nature conservation and business, available at designated workstations in Finland.

Move Fast and Break People

https://media.beehiiv.com/cdn-cgi/image/fit=scale-down,format=auto,onerror=redirect,quality=80/uploads/asset/file/57c0a420-9224-464d-b203-8a038b9e9fb0/Screenshot_2025-02-23_at_11.13.55_AM.png?t=1740327277
Federal workers are being subjected to psychological warfare by the administration, with a 5-bullet email from Elon Musk's Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) intended to scare them into quitting. The move has sparked outrage and pushback from workers, with many refusing to respond and others seeking guidance from leadership.

Decompilation of Minecraft: Legacy Console Edition

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GRAnimated/MinecraftLCE-docs/main/img/progress.png
This project requires a Minecraft: Nintendo Switch Edition update v1.0.17 executable to decompile the game. It uses Clang compiler and has symbols, making it easier to match assembly 1:1.

Show HN: Dropbud – A place to upload files without uploading

https://dropbud.co/_app/immutable/assets/trash-empty.BEmofSrM.png
Press Ctrl + V to paste and create cards. Click and Ctrl + C to copy! Ask for a feature: [email protected]

Why AI Spending Isn't Slowing Down

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A Black Fungus Might Be Healing Chernobyl by Drinking Radiation

https://makerfairerome.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Gio-Batta-Viola-TEKO-150x150.jpg
Maker Faire Rome è un evento unico che riunisce maker, hobbyisti e appassionati di tecnologia per mostrare le ultime innovazioni e prodotti STEM. È un'opportunità per espositori e visitatori di incontrarsi e scambiare idee.

Why AI Spending Isn't Slowing Down

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GitHub Hosting Malware Won't Remove After Report

https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/191590287?v=4?s=400
Not Found

Project Scripts

The user created a CLI executable in their project's core language to improve contribution and reduce single points of failure. They used Swift and Kotlin to build tasks, encouraging reusable code and easier contribution, but still face challenges with scripting and forking.

Why are Rust Foundation execs paid via foreign entities, not directly? [Page 35] [pdf]