Apple sues OpenAI, accuses ex-employees of stealing trade secrets

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Apple sues OpenAI for trade secret theft by ex-employees, including Tang Tan and Chang Liu, who allegedly stole confidential data and used it in hiring. The lawsuit highlights over 400 Apple alumni at OpenAI, led by Jony Ive, and claims OpenAI exploited Apple's proprietary info for hardware projects.

QuadRF can spot drones and see WiFi through my wall

https://www.jeffgeerling.com/blog/2026/quadrf-can-spot-drones-and-see-wifi-through-my-wall/quadrf-antennna-array.jpeg
The QuadRF is a Raspberry Pi-powered phased-array radio enabling advanced signal processing, WiFi analysis, and RF visualization, with potential for Moon-scale radio experiments. Despite a rough UI, its MIPI-based high-speed data transfer and modular design showcase impressive performance for SDR applications.

New York City to ban deceptive subscription practices

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New York City's Mamdani administration bans deceptive subscriptions and junk fees, enforcing fines for hard-to-cancel services and requiring upfront pricing for all charges, targeting housing and consumer markets. The rules aim to combat hidden costs and corporate malpractice, facing industry opposition but backed by consumer advocates.

Good Tools Are Invisible

A good tool should be invisible, not celebrated for complexity or puzzles. Avoid reframing flaws as fun or identity; prioritize productivity over tribalism and honest evaluation.

GPT-5.6 Sol Ultra produces proof of the Cycle Double Cover Conjecture [pdf]

The paper proves the Cycle Double Cover Conjecture, asserting every bridgeless graph has a cycle cover where each edge is in exactly two cycles. The proof leverages cubic graphs, Γ-flows, and linear algebra to construct the cover, extending prior results on 8-flows and 3-edge-colorings.

Late Bronze Age Collapse

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The Late Bronze Age Collapse (c. 1220–1170 BC) saw interconnected states in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East decline or collapse, marked by site destructions and political fragmentation. Causes remain debated but likely include climate shifts, warfare, and economic strain, with uneven regional impacts.

Einstein's relativity rules chemical bonds in heavy elements, new research shows

https://www.brown.edu/sites/default/files/2026-07/Screenshot%202026-07-09%20at%203.01.22%E2%80%AFPM.png
Brown University researchers discovered relativistic effects in heavy elements like bismuth blur sigma/pi bonds in triple bonds, challenging textbook models. Photoelectron spectroscopy revealed hybridized bonds, impacting chemistry education and applications in solar cells and quantum tech.

Vint Cerf, “father of the Internet”, is retiring

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Vint Cerf, co-creator of TCP/IP and retiring Google VP, emphasized standardized protocols for AI agent interoperability at a conference, while panelists discussed open-source sustainability and challenges in AI centralization. His legacy includes pioneering internet protocols and advocating for structured communication over natural language ambiguity.

An update on residential proxies and the scraper situation

Websites are overwhelmed by scraper bots using residential proxies and compromised devices, evading detection through fake user behavior and coordinated attacks. Defensive measures like traffic analysis and temporary takedowns offer limited relief as attackers adapt, underscoring the need for ethical AI training data solutions.

Write code like a human will maintain it

Relying on LLMs to generate repetitive code risks perpetuating poor practices, as duplicated logic trains the model to mimic your codebase's patterns. Over time, this creates a self-reinforcing cycle where shortcuts become entrenched, undermining maintainability and requiring manual intervention to correct.
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SpaceX seeks FCC approval for 100,000 Gen3 Starlink satellites to deliver ultra-low-latency, multi-gigabit broadband, requiring hardware upgrades and facing interference risks. The plan aims to expand satellite internet access but encounters regulatory challenges, competition, and astronomical objections.

AI-generated videos to maximally drive a target brain region

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NEvo uses a digital twin and genetic algorithm to evolve videos maximizing brain region activation. Dynamic videos outperform static ones, highlighting regions' preference for motion and social features.

EU Commission: addictive design Instagram and Facebook in breach of the DSA

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The tech of 'Terminator 2' – an oral history (2017)

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In 1991, ILM pioneered CGI tools like 'Make Sticky' and 'Body Sock' to create Terminator 2's liquid metal T-1000, overcoming limited resources and nascent tech. Artists and developers collaborated intensively, blending innovation with practical problem-solving, cementing the film's legacy as a VFX milestone.

In Emacs, everything looks like a service

http://yummymelon.com/devnull/images/ieells/emacs-os-relationship.svg
Emacs functions as an OS-like environment by orchestrating applications and services above the kernel, enabling users to manage computing tasks within its ecosystem. Through Elisp and libraries, it treats external utilities as services, allowing seamless client-server interactions and improvising workflows.

Successful companies go blind

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Mexican cavefish retain eye genes despite blindness, mirroring companies that lose competence as stable environments suppress innovation, prioritizing comfort over skill. Surviving in predictable conditions, they adapt to internal pressures, mistaking stagnation for loyalty until external change reactivates dormant traits.

Snails' teeth beats spider silk as nature's strongest material (2015)

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Marine snails' teeth, composed of goethite nanofibers and protein, are Earth's strongest natural material, exceeding spider silk and Kevlar. Though outmatched by graphene, they rival top carbon fibers, while rare materials like lonsdaleite surpass diamond's hardness.

After 7 years in production, Scarf has reluctantly moved away from Haskell

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A long-time Haskell advocate, the author moved Scarf's new development to Python due to AI-driven workflows and Haskell's compilation/ecosystem bottlenecks, urging the community to prioritize AI-era optimizations like faster builds, better tooling, and agent-friendly design to remain relevant.

How the terrorist group Boko Haram uses frontier AI

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Terrorists like Boko Haram use AI tools (ChatGPT, Claude, etc.) for attack planning, explosives, and operations via specialized units and transnational training, aided by Islamic State. This systematic AI adoption, surpassing prior estimates, highlights urgent policy and security concerns.

Why write code in 2026

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Building a software factory requires agents for automation and humans to maintain architectural integrity through active code engagement. Writing code fosters ownership, precision, and system resilience, preventing fragility amplified by over-reliance on AI-generated solutions.

Punk, or why I don't stream anymore

The user critiques the erosion of authentic engagement in hacker culture and digital identity, replaced by performative spectacle and AI-driven inauthenticity. They warn of a homogenized, corporate-dominated internet that commodifies culture, demanding inner reality in a soulless, information-war-ravaged world.

A love letter to flashcards

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Initially dismissing flashcards for deep learning, the author adopted spaced repetition via Anki, creating personalized cards for concepts and insights rather than rote facts. This approach enhanced long-term retention and enabled resuming learning after breaks.

War Atlas: An interactive cartography of every named war in human history

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An interactive cartography of 10,584 recorded military conflicts across 5,000 years of human history, with 427 historical empire borders, casualty estimate ranges, and era-by-era timeline navigation.

Mayor Mamdani announces "Click-to-Cancel" rules

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New York City introduces rules to ban hidden junk fees and simplify subscription cancellations, saving residents up to $162.5M annually. The measures, part of Mayor Mamdani’s affordability agenda, require transparent pricing and one-click cancellation, marking a first-in-the-nation consumer protection effort.

Computation as a universal and fundamental concept

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Tim Roughgarden explores computational limits, starting with Turing's 1936 proof that some problems (like the halting problem) are unsolvable by algorithms. He then examines NP-completeness, showing that many problems resist efficient solutions, leading to the unresolved P vs NP question with implications for cryptography and AI.

Parental device use and the adolescent-caregiver attachment bond

https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/1766665/xml-images/fpsyg-17-1766665-g0001.webp
This study validated the Device Attachment Interference Scale (DAIS) to assess adolescents' perceptions of caregivers' device-centric behaviors, finding higher DAIS scores correlated with greater insecure attachment (anxious/avoidant) to both mother- and father-like figures. Results highlight parental tech use as a relational risk factor for adolescent attachment insecurity, emphasizing ...

GPT-5.6, Grok 4.5, Claude, and Muse Spark build the same 4 apps

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A model comparison tested 12 AI systems (GPT-5.6 tiers, Meta’s Muse Spark, open-weights like Qwen) across four tasks with five attempts each, revealing performance gaps between leading models and open-source alternatives, while raw results are publicly accessible for self-evaluation.

The zero-cost fallacy: open-source software in the agentic era

https://www.thoughtworks.com/content/dam/thoughtworks/images/illustration/brand/tw_illustration_24.jpg
Open-source maintainers face burnout and exploitation as permissive licenses enable corporate extraction, worsened by AI-generated code floods and fragmented re-implementations eroding trust. Sustainable solutions demand active ownership, supply chain audits, and corporate patronage to prevent ecosystem collapse.

Please don't discontinue Gemini 2.5 Flash

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User thanks Gemini for models but notes Gemini 3 Flash underperforms 2.5 Flash, critical for Australia's low-latency voice agents (300-400ms). Gemini 3.5 Flash's 700-800ms latency and no local deployment break this use case.

Apple sues OpenAI, accusing it of stealing company secrets

Apple sued OpenAI, alleging trade secret theft involving confidential hardware projects and improper use of stolen data. The suit claims OpenAI pressured Apple employees for secrets, accessed internal documents, and approached suppliers with stolen techniques.

GhostLock, a stack-UAF that has existed in all Linux distributions for 15 years

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GhostLock (CVE-2026-43499) is a Linux kernel use-after-free vulnerability in rtmutex code, enabling privilege escalation via a dangling pointer from a freed stack frame. Exploited through a race condition and controlled memory overwrite, it allows unprivileged users to execute arbitrary code, fixed in Linux 7.1.

Focus

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The author reflects on Facebook's intense startup era, marked by extreme workloads and relentless focus, contrasting it with later dilution of priorities as the company grew. They argue that even well-intentioned diversions from core goals—like supporting nonprofits—accumulate hidden costs, eroding efficiency and clarity over time.

Europe's Largest Unions Demand Right to Cancel Work on Days Above 30C

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European unions demand EU heat protection laws, proposing 30°C/32.5°C thresholds for jobs to prevent 277k injuries and 230 deaths annually. UK TUC also calls for max temps, with 64k+ petition signatures, urging legal cooling and climate action.

45% of enthusiasts 'seriously considering' leaving Sony for PC

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A Push Square poll reveals 45% of PlayStation fans consider switching to PC gaming, citing Sony's shift to digital-only games and PS Store flaws. Concerns over PS6's $1,000 price and lack of store improvements drive 29% to opt for PCs or delay purchases.

Ryanair passenger sucked toward broken window after midair engine failure

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A Ryanair flight from Greece to Germany returned after an engine failure shattered a window, injuring a passenger partially sucked out. The crew safely landed the plane, arranged a replacement flight, and authorities are investigating, similar to past incidents like Southwest Airlines' 2018 tragedy.

Ben Bernanke Joins Anthropic Oversight Trust

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Anthropic's LTBT appointed Dr. Ben Bernanke, a Nobel-winning economist and former Fed Chair, to guide responsible AI development. The independent trust advises on AI's economic impacts and ensures long-term societal benefits.

An unusual way for your DHCP server to run out of dynamic IPs

Chris Siebenmann blocks outdated browsers (e.g., old Chrome) to combat crawlers using them for LLM data, impacting users with mismatched user agents. Services like Inoreader, Feedly, and archive.* face issues due to outdated user agents or mimicking malicious behavior.

Guy took Jupiter photo with Game Boy Camera, giant telescope, publishes tutorial

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Musician Chris Graue photographed Jupiter using a Game Boy Camera linked to a telescope via a 3D-printed adapter, now freely shareable. The adapter fits standard telescope eyepieces, enabling creative DIY projects beyond astronomy.

Unified Memory, Explained: Why Mini PCs Can Run 70B Models a Big GPU Can't

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Mini PCs with unified memory (e.g., AMD Strix Halo) can host large 70B LLMs due to 128GB shared memory, but generate text slowly (4-6 tok/s) due to low bandwidth (256GB/s), unlike GPUs (e.g., RTX 5090) with high bandwidth (1,792GB/s) but limited 32GB VRAM. Their strength is capacity, not speed, excelling when models exceed GPU VRAM limits despite slower inference.

The Annotated JEPA

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This post provides a step-by-step guide to implementing Joint Embedding Predictive Architectures (JEPAs), Yann LeCun's self-supervised learning framework that predicts latent representations instead of pixels, focusing on image (I-JEPA) and video (V-JEPA) models. It emphasizes using exponential moving average (EMA) for stable training, structured masking strategies, and predictor networks to ...

Build your own vulnerability harness

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The blog outlines a model-agnostic security architecture using interchangeable AI models in a multi-stage pipeline (Recon, Hunt, Validate) for enterprise codebases, enabling cross-repo vulnerability detection and reducing false positives through adversarial validation. It emphasizes orchestration over single agents, leveraging deterministic code and LLMs to trace dependencies, generate proofs ...

Superoptimizer – A Look at the Smallest Program (1987) [pdf]

Software Engineer's Firing Ruled Illegal in a Rare Win for a Tech Worker

An administrative law judge ruled Atlassian illegally fired engineer Denise Unterwurzacher for criticizing layoffs, citing protected labor rights. The decision mandates her reinstatement and compensation, marking a significant win for tech worker protections.

Unlocking the PSP's Dual Core Setup

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PSP Guru m-cid revealed the PSP's dual-core ME/VME hardware, enabling developers to boost homebrew via new libraries. Sony's kernel restrictions limited ME access, impacting Vita compatibility and multimedia performance.

ActivityPub over ATProto (2023)

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The article critiques social media's divisive "factional" dynamics, proposing integration of AT Protocol and ActivityPub to break silos. It argues combining their strengths—user agency and web-native design—could create a more open, interoperable social web.

Cpp2Rust: Translates C++ to safe Rust automatically

https://opengraph.githubassets.com/1b026af8d67d6c2dd88bf4e7a5be1af6d5d3860b3d18cb2664873ca7cf8a4e96/Cpp2Rust/cpp2rust
Cpp2Rust automatically translates C++ to safe Rust using clang's AST, generating code with libcc2rs for pointer semantics. It offers an unsafe mode via --model=unsafe and employs Ptr<T> to manage C pointers safely under Rust's borrow checker.

Never argue with your boss (2009)

The author learned from Bill Howell's advice "Never argue with your boss" through a personal experience where public disagreement led to undermining their manager's authority and damaging team trust. This experience taught the value of handling disagreements privately, preserving managerial authority, and prioritizing workplace harmony over being technically right.

Hands-On with the AMD Ryzen AI Halo

The AMD Ryzen AI Halo is a compact desktop with 128GB unified memory and a Ryzen AI Max+ 395 chip, enabling local AI model execution to cut cloud costs. It efficiently runs large LLMs and image generation tasks, offering a server-like setup for offline AI workflows.

Java 27: What's New?

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Java 27 adopts G1 as the universal default GC, enhances TLS 1.3 with quantum-resistant hybrid key exchanges, enables compact object headers by default, and masks sensitive data in JFR recordings. It previews Valhalla-related features like lazy constants and primitive pattern matching, while removing JVMCI and preparing for future Valhalla integration in Java 28.

AI Can't Recreate the Thrust Game (But It Can Help You Understand It)

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The user attempted to recreate the 1986 game Thrust using AI, which initially failed but later aided in analyzing the original 6502 assembly code, revealing intricate physics, timing, and hardware-specific mechanics. Accurate recreation required emulating BBC Micro hardware, fixed-point arithmetic, and precise physics timing, highlighting Jeremy Smith's mastery and the era's technical ingenuity.

Ask HN: How do you use Vim in the era of AI?

The user leverages Vim (neovim) with tmux and LSP for code navigation/editing, using AI as a companion tool for prompt refinement and inline suggestions rather than full code generation. They prioritize a terminal-based workflow, integrating Vim plugins and CLI for seamless LLM interaction and consistent remote/local environments.

Anyone else get a vague GitHub shakedown notice?

Greg received a GitHub billing email for Code Quality despite no paid plan, having left orgs, and no sponsorship, questioning if QGIS activity triggered it and if others faced similar unexpected charges. Concerns arise over potential billing errors or scams.

Show HN: Runloom – Go-style coroutines for Python free-threaded

https://opengraph.githubassets.com/9255cdda878eef21d2f8c335a1d1c544c836eb3061b3ac1a5403adee65686ae8/robertsdotpm/runloom
runloom enables Go-style stackful coroutines in Python, using a work-stealing scheduler and netpoll for I/O, allowing millions of coroutines across cores in free-threaded CPython 3.14t (GIL off). It supports blocking code via monkey patching and matches Go's concurrency performance, though with higher memory per coroutine.

We Put an L7 Firewall in the Kernel

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A new firewall uses eBPF in the kernel with JavaScript policies for nanosecond HTTP/2 header decisions, outperforming traditional userspace proxies by avoiding TCP reassembly and costly syscalls. Leveraging Aho-Corasick automata and XDP hooks, it enforces rules at line rate, tracking evasion attempts and dynamic tables in production, with metrics exposed via Prometheus for real-time monitoring.

You're Not a Better Engineer Because You Type Git Commands by Hand

After 27 years, I delegate repetitive engineering tasks like Git hygiene, PRs, and code comments to AI, freeing time for core work. AI ensures consistency, reduces errors, and transforms repositories into coherent systems, making manual "craft" obsolete and cost-inefficient.

Star Just Ate a Planet, and It's Not Done Yet

A star 1,300 light-years away, TOI-5882, shows signs of consuming a planet and may devour another, influenced by a nearby brown dwarf, as revealed in two studies. This planetary engulfment process, which will eventually affect our solar system, offers insights into both stellar and exoplanet evolution.

Counting ArXiv Delays

User analyzed arXiv submission delays since 2015, finding no sustained increase but identifying specific categories like cs.CY with prolonged processing due to reclassification or low volume, not policy changes. Delays vary by subject, with some (e.g., physics.pop-ph) experiencing longer hold times due to moderation complexities.

The Difference Between Watercolor and Gouache Paints

Watercolor, gansai, gouache, and poster paints differ in pigment particle size (smallest in watercolor, largest in poster), binders (gum arabic vs. animal glue in gansai), and additives, affecting transparency, opacity, and lifting ease. Smaller particles allow smoother washes and transparency, while larger particles offer opacity and easier lifting, with gansai and gouache using additives ...

Proton AG Services is currently experiencing some issues

Proton Services's Status Page - Investigating Incident.

Two Case Studies of NaN

IEEE-754 NaN's non-reflexivity breaks language design assumptions, causing unexpected behavior in Python's identity-based equality and Lua's for-loops, with similar issues in Go's map keys.

The 4-Bitter Lesson: Balancing Stability and Performance in NVFP4 RL

https://humansand.ai/assets/nvfp4-rl-blog/images/recipe/NVFP4-hp.drawio.webp?v=fc24bb19
Researchers developed a stable NVFP4 quantization method for RL training, addressing throughput-stability tradeoffs via dequantized gradients and 4/6 scaling, enabling efficient large-scale model training while preserving accuracy. Open-sourced solutions include optimized implementations across frameworks like TransformerEngine and SGLang.

Materials innovation has a scale-up problem, not discovery

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Richard Feynman's 1959 vision of atomic-scale engineering enabled modern tech, but scaling materials remains a bottleneck. Atomscale uses AI to transform fragmented data into actionable insights, accelerating material production from lab to real-world applications.
A CS PhD student pivoted from multilingual research to AI safety, delaying graduation for a fellowship, and navigated a disorganized job search with diverse interview formats, emphasizing that only a few papers matter, work trials are common, and timing/field popularity heavily influence outcomes. They highlight the need for flexibility, as interviews often test unrelated skills and AI safety ...

Accretive Editing

https://justindfuller.com/image/programming/accretive-editing.png
Acctive editing in AI tools appends outdated info instead of replacing it, causing clutter (e.g., adding "not Amazon Bedrock" to new text). Solutions focus on instructing models to overwrite obsolete content rather than avoid accretion.

Show HN: SubjectiveZero, an open-source agentic node editor for creative coding

https://sxp.studio/images/subjectivezero/subjectivezero-thumbnail.webp
SubjectiveZero uses AI agents to generate editable code nodes for real-time visual effects, integrating with tools like Claude and Codex. It offers collaborative editing, live rendering, and open-source AGPL-3.0 licensing with no black boxes.

Ask HN: What was the last task where only a frontier model could do it?

Frontier models like Fable and GPT outperform open models (GLM/Qwen) in complex tasks like code audits, tax problem-solving, and multi-service repo analysis, offering higher accuracy and depth. While open models suffice for simpler tasks, frontier models excel in sustained agent work, security audits, and nuanced problem-solving, justifying their cost for critical applications.

The first programmer I know who was murdered in a targeted strike was Haitham

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The text highlights Gaza's humanitarian crisis from Israel's blockade and military strikes, displacing families and destroying livelihoods, while critiquing failed non-violent resistance and Hamas's strategies. It calls for Palestinian unity, democratic reforms, and international accountability to end the cycle of violence and neglect.

AI doesn't know how to forgive and cannot forget

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AI systems retain data perfectly without decay, lacking human-like forgetting and forgiveness, which involve active memory pruning and intentional release. This creates challenges in AI-human interactions, as forgiveness requires intentional release, not just data deletion.

Ambient Website Background Clouds

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/paradise-runner/background-clouds/refs/heads/main/background-clouds.png
background-clouds creates a lightweight, animated low-poly cloud background with a single canvas, no dependencies, motion pause for accessibility, and lifecycle methods for SPAs. It uses a fixed-positioned canvas controlled via JavaScript methods (create, destroy, resize) and requires custom CSS for layout and styling.

Banter

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Banter gently calls out minor social missteps in a safe, humorous context to defuse tension and reinforce group bonds. It signals acceptance of flaws, fostering security through normalized imperfection, though it risks misinterpretation as contempt if not balanced with trust.

Offline tool to stabilize TV volume using IR control and spike detection

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AdBuster 2.0 PRO is a Windows tool that automatically lowers loud TV ads and restores normal volume smoothly. It uses real-time audio analysis, machine learning, and Broadlink IR control for intelligent volume control.

Browser Fingerprinting – How websites track you across internet –without cookies

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Browser fingerprinting tracks users by collecting device/browser data (e.g., OS, fonts, GPU) without cookies, working in incognito and persisting across sessions. It's used for ads, security, and fraud prevention, countered by browsers like Brave or Firefox with privacy settings.

The Oral History of the Dinosaur Input Device (DID)

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Tippett Studio and ILM developed the Dinosaur Input Device (DID) to merge stop-motion expertise with CGI for *Jurassic Park*, allowing animators to transition to digital workflows. The DID, later renamed Digital Input Device, earned an Academy Award and influenced CGI advancements in films like *Starship Troopers*.

Collaboration Networks in Brazilian Computer Science

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This study applies network science to analyze Brazilian computer science collaboration networks using OpenAlex data, revealing that international collaborations (led by the US and Portugal) yield higher citations and varied subfield engagement. Findings highlight structural insights into research impact, suggesting policy implications for fostering cross-border partnerships.

Man nearly sucked out of 'detached' window on Ryanair flight

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A Ryanair flight window detached mid-air over North Macedonia, nearly pulling a Serbian tourist out; he sustained burns but survived. Ryanair diverted the flight back to Thessaloniki and provided a replacement aircraft.

Show HN: Microcosm Industries – Simulation toys and software microcosms

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Microcosm Industries fosters simulation toys—software for complex miniature worlds—inspired by computing history, interdisciplinary science/math, and open-ended play. They collaborate on building such tools and invite submissions.

Prismata: Confining cross-site prompt injection in web agents

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Autonomous web agents inherit XSS-like risks via prompt injection. Prismata mitigates this by dynamically assigning trust-based permissions and confining access without developer annotations, reducing attacks while preserving task utility.

I Did Not Kill Stanley Lieber: How to Draw (With 9front)

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This document explains how to draw on 9front using various input devices like mice, tablets, and touchscreens, focusing on the paint(1) program for digital art creation. It covers techniques for image manipulation, file conversion to formats like PNG, and methods for sharing artwork via external drives or network connections.

Maura Gillison, Who Transformed the Treatment of Mouth and Throat Cancers, Died

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Show HN: I built a free app for New Yorkers to save money on groceries

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Compare this week's grocery deals across 690+ NYC stores in all five boroughs. Weekly-ad prices refreshed every morning, live store prices, cashback — free, no login.

Garnix Is Joining Shopify

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Sadly, as part of this transition, the hosted garnix service will shut down on July 15th 2026. But we are open sourcing the garnix codebase, available here; we hope this will help you smoothly move to using your own instance or a shared one, and maybe help the project live on and evolve. If you are interested in operating a public community instance, please get in touch — we’d be happy to talk.

Go-Flavored Concurrency in C

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Using POSIX threads with mutexes and condition variables, Solod mimics Go's concurrency via worker pools and channels, achieving Go-like throughput for coarse tasks but lagging in fine-grained operations due to kernel syscall overhead. While simpler and effective for many workloads, it lacks Go's lightweight goroutines, making it less ideal for high-throughput, low-latency scenarios.